Action Root—carminative, stimulant, expectorant, cholagogue, diuretic, emmenagogue. Used for diarrhoea.
Key application Rhizome—in catarrhs of the upper respiratory tract. (German Commission E. Above ground parts have been included among unapproved herbs.)
The main components of the fruits and roots are isoeugenol epoxy tiglic ester, isoeugenol epoxy-2-methylbu- tanoic ester and 4-phenyl tiglic ester. Roots also contain pimpinellin and isopimpinellin.
Pinus excelsa Wall. ex D. Don.
Synonym P wallichiana A. B. Jackson.
Family Pinaceae.
Habitat Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at 1,800—3,700 m, also Assam.
English Indian Blue Pine, Bhutan Pine, Five-leaved Pine.
488 Pinus gerardiana Wall.
Ayurvedic Sarala (var.).
Folk Chillaa.
Action Uses similar to Pinus roxburghii.
The essential oil contains alpha-and beta-pinene as major constituents.
Pinus gerardiana Wall.
Family Pinaceae.
Habitat Northwest Himalayas from Garhwal eastwards at altitudes of
1,800—3,000 m.
English Neosia Pine, Edible Pine, Chilgoza Pine.
Ayurvedic Nikochaka.
Unani Chilgozaa.
Action Kernels—stimulant,
carminative, expectorant. Oil from seeds—externally used for wounds and ulcers.
The kernels gave protein 15.9, fat
49.9, carbohydrates 21.6 and mineral matter 2.9%. The mineral constituents include calcium 90.8, phosphorus 92.4 and iron 2.4 mg!100 g. Pectin is present to the extent of 1.73% (calculated as calcium pectate). Seed protein on hydrolysis gave amino acids—leucine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and methionine. The oil gave glycerides. The essential oil from oleoresin
